Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)
Mononucleosis, also known as “mono” and glandular fever, is a viral illness caused by the Epstein – Barr virus. It has also been dubbed “the kissing disease” since it is primarily spread through direct saliva contact (as of that when two people kiss), but it can also be taken into the body through drinking from a contaminated cup as well. Though it can occur in small children, eliciting symptoms equivalent to that of a common cold, it has its strongest effect during the adolescent years.
Developing over the course of several days the virus begins to manifest itself as flu like symptoms, such as headache, fever, weakness, and fatigue. Not long after that the lymph nodes will swell, though it is more pronounced in some cases than others. A severely sore throat, along with a high fever, can also develop and last up to a number of weeks. On the body, some people may experience red rashes. In a large number of instances the spleen will swell, resulting in part of the upper abdomen becoming sensitive to touch. More often than not the liver will be impacted by the virus, though a severe complication such as jaundice – where the skin is turned a yellowish hue due to an increased release of liver protein in the blood – is rare. Though they are very uncommon complications mono can also induce the spleen to rupture, as well as cause swelling of the spinal cord lining and brain.
In the majority of mono cases the majority of symptoms will dissipate after a few weeks, though lethargy and weakness can linger for up to several months afterward.
If You Have Been Diagnosed with Mononucleosis
Once you have received a physical examination and a throat culture to rule out any other conditions your doctor will likely recommend a period of bed rest, as most cases of mono last only up to two weeks. They may also, to help combat the pain brought on by mono, proscribe a pain reliever such as ibuprofen or a steroid to help alleviate your sore throat.
A Whole Health Perspective
Looking at Mononucleosis through a Whole Health model, we explore the individual’s unique presentation from the 5 Aspects of Whole Health™ perspective.Physically – Mononucleosis, a viral infection with symptoms listed as above, is usually spread through transfer of the virus through the mucus membranes of the upper[CB1] respiratory tract (mouth, nose, etc.). One of the major functions of the upper respiratory tract is to filter and protect the body from inhaled allergens, irritants, viruses, and bacteria. Healthy lining of the upper respiratory tract is essential in fighting off viral infection such as mononucleosis. The nose and sinuses are part of the initial immunological response to inhaled invaders such as viruses, and play a part in mounting an immune response to eradicate these foreign substances. Keeping the lining of the upper airway healthy and responsive can assist in proper function and in appropriate immune response to the common viruses. Some techniques for keeping upper respiratory tract healthy include nasal lavage, adequately hydrating, using a humidifier to combat dry air, breathing in steam, washing hands frequently, and avoiding allergens and irritants. One such irritant is cigarette smoke, which can increase one’s susceptibility to viral infection, and make recovery more difficult as well. Proper hygiene, such as frequent washing and not sharing dishes or toothbrushes may assist in preventing the spread of this virus.
- Preventing mononucleosis infection requires a healthy immune response, as does recovery from the disease. Chronic stress, such as a job change, relationship difficulties, or chronic illness, may cause dysfunction of the immune system. This is in part due to the influence of the adrenal glands, located atop the kidneys, which are in large part responsible for the stress reaction. The adrenal glands are part of a stress signaling system, called the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Disturbance in this system, often caused by exposure to chronic stress, affects hormone levels and immune function. Because repeated exposure to stress can cause adrenal dysfunction and potentially alter the function of the immune system, stress management techniques such as moderate exercise, meditation, breathing techniques, yoga, adequate amounts of sleep, etc. can support the immune system and assist in preventing and recovering from illness such as mononucleosis. Since mononucleosis can often result in excessive fatigue, adequate and healthy sleep patterns are essential in recovery.
Some research exists suggesting that acupuncture may assist in the modulation of the immune response, as well as reduce symptoms such as pain. Other traditional Chinese medicine modalities may also be useful. There is some evidence that supports the use of herbal remedies in assisting in healthy immune response as well as for liver health (which can be implicated in mononucleosis).
2. Emotionally – Emotional responses, such as anger, fear, frustration, happiness, and joy, can communicate to the immune system via chemicals called neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, and through the adrenal glands (glands which respond to stressors and then biochemically communicate with other organs and tissues). Research indicates that engaging in positive emotional response beneficially effects the inflammatory response, immune system, and overall health. In this way emotions can contribute to both fighting off viruses and in recovering from viral infection such as mononucleosis. During times of stress and illness, certain relaxation practices, such as diaphragmatic breathing, guided imagery, mindfulness, meditation, or gentle yoga can be utilized to reduce the stress response. Discussing difficult emotions, such as anxiety, frustration, anger, or grief, with a mental health practitioner may confer health benefits, as will engaging in supportive relationships. Time spent out of doors, especially in forest settings, can decrease the stress response and result in greater psychological health.
3. Nutritionally/Chemically – Foods and chemicals ingested can impact health and wellness. Good health in general is supported with a nutrition plan that minimizes processed foods and foods high in sugar, triglycerides, alcohol, stimulants and chemical additives. Proper nutrition supports the immune system, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of viral diseases such as mononucleosis. During times of illness, to appropriately support the body’s healing process and reaction to the stress of illness, attention to particular vitamins and mineral is important. These include cholesterol, protein, vitamins A, C, E, and B complex, essential fatty acids, and essential minerals. Some research indicates there could be a link between certain minerals and vitamins, such as vitamin D, and immune health. The gastrointestinal tract houses a large portion of the body’s immune system, and keeping the biome of the gut intact and healthy may play a part in the body’s ability to fight off foreign substances which could result in viral infection. Proper nutrition, avoiding gastrointestinal irritants such as alcohol and some over-the-counter medications, as well as supplementation with pre and probiotics, may possibly assist in healthy gut and respiratory tract microbiome. Some studies indicate a link between immune health, a healthy microbiome, and the ingestion of fermented foods.
4. Environmental – Environmental factors which may compromise the health of the upper respiratory tract and immune system may include air pollutants such as cigarette smoke, mold, dust mites, common airborne allergens such as pet dander, and exposure to viruses or bacteria. In general exercise can regulate the immune system and improve response to viral infections such mononucleosis. Due to the risk of extended fatigue and because of spleen and liver involvement in mononucleosis, exercise during and after mononucleosis infection should be guided by a physician. Time spent out of doors has a beneficial effect on the immune system, especially when engaged in activities in a woods or forest setting. Other environmental factors, such as bright lights, loud noises, weather fluctuations, difficult relationships or a stressful job, may increase symptoms through their effects on the adrenal gland stress response and immune system. Excessive exposure to electronic media such as computer screens could potentially alter the stress response and negatively affect the immune system. Alleviating exposure to environmental triggers and stress could possibly result in a healthier immune response to virus exposure. Preventing the spread of mononucleosis through environmental interventions such as cleaning surfaces, washing hands, and reducing transmission through saliva (no kissing, covering coughs and sneezes) both during illness and after symptoms have resolved could reduce the spread of the virus.
5. Beliefs, Values and Worldview – also identified as Spirituality – Spiritual expression, whether through prayer, meditation, yoga, traditional worship, etc. has an influence on health and wellbeing, often by encouraging an understanding and connection between mind, body, and spirit. Practices which encourage self-awareness, positive emotional and spiritual expression, and stress reduction in particular can be beneficial for immune health. Possible feelings of isolation, living in discordance with one’s values, or inability to connect with support and the natural surroundings due to illness or other factors could increase stress and exacerbate symptoms.