Hodgkin’s Disease
Hodgkin’s disease is one of a variety of cancers termed Lymphoma, used to describe cancers that affect the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system consists of knotted tissue, known as nodes, which are connected vessels that discard waste from the body. The lymph nodes are essentially miniature filters, sifting out potentially harmful organisms. The lymphatic system also helps to produce lymphocytes, critical white blood cells that help protect the body from infections caused by fungi, viruses, and bacteria. In the process of combating an active infection the lymph nodes can become tender and swell, which is a healthy bodily reaction.
Lymphoma is a result of either the lymph node cells or lymphocytes multiplying at an abnormal rate, which produces malignant cells that can enter other tissues throughout the body.
Hodgkin’s occurs most commonly in younger (15 to 35) and older (50+) age groups. It occurs more frequently with men than women, and with Caucasians versus African Americans.
The direct cause of Hodgkin’s disease remains a mystery, but several factors have been identified as playing substantial roles in fostering it: Viruses, particularly the Epstein – Barr virus (which also causes mononucleosis), the genome of which is seen in between 20 – 80 % of all Hodgkin’s tumors; Genetics, with same sex sibling carriers and children of a parent diagnosed with Hodgkin’s at increased risk; and Environment, where single family homes and families with a low sibling count have been noted associated with a higher chance of developing Hodgkin’s.
If You Have Been Diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease
If you have been diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease the primary treatment option, as with other forms of cancer, remains undergoing chemotherapy. If the Hodgkin’s proves to be resistant to chemotherapy or returns after initial treatment, your doctor may recommend undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. In this treatment increased dosages of chemotherapy or total body irradiation is utilized to eliminate the cancerous Hodgkin’s cells unaffected by the regular chemo application. However, the increased levels of chemo also can destroy healthy blood cells and bone marrow cells. That is why, before the procedure, healthy marrow stem cells are removed from the bloodstream. They are then frozen, to be returned to the bloodstream via intravenous treatment to stimulate marrow growth.
There is a newly developed drug, Adcetris, which treats case of lymphoma that have progressed after bone marrow stem cell transplantation.
A Whole Health Perspective
Looking at Hodgkin’s through a Whole Health model, we explore the individual’s unique presentation from the 5 Aspects of Whole Health™ perspective.
1. Physical – The lymphatic system, in which Hodgkin’s lymphoma develops, is part of the immune system. Risk factors in the development of Hodgkin’s lymphoma include a weakened or compromised immune system, and supporting the immune system is important in both preventing and in recovering from lymphoma. Chronic stress, such as a job change, relationship difficulties, or chronic illness, may cause dysfunction of the immune system, in part through its interaction with the adrenal glands. These endocrine glands function as the body’s stress response system, and when chronically stimulated by stress, the hormones they release may become dysregulated and negatively affect the immune system. Modulating the stress response, therefore, may positively affect the immune system and help in the recovery and healing process. Other organs important for healthy immune response include the thymus gland, skeletal system, gastrointestinal system, the liver, the spleen, and the skin. Adequate hydration, nutrition, and sleep, will support these organs and assist in the healing process. Some research exists suggesting that acupuncture may assist in the modulation of the immune response, as well as reduce symptoms such as pain. Traditional Chinese Medicine may also be useful in fighting off viruses and bacteria.
2. Nutritional/Chemical – The food we eat can potentially communicate health or illness to the rest of the body, in part due to the gastrointestinal immune and nervous system. In general a diet high in plant based foods, unsaturated fats, quality protein such as fish, and whole grains can benefit health. This type of diet offers multiple vitamin, mineral, and antioxidant benefits which could reduce the risk of cancer. Diets high in saturated fats, alcohol, highly processed foods, artificial colorings/flavorings, may increase risk. Additionally, the gut microbiome (the balance of “good” and “bad” bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract) can affect immune system function. Proper nutrition can benefit a healthy balance of these bacteria. Exposure to food related toxins can increase the risk for immune system dysfunction and further pathogenesis, including cancers. Care should be taken in the use of pre and pro-biotics and other dietary supplements by those with compromised immune status or active cancer, as some supplements could alter medicines used for cancer treatment.
3. Emotional – A diagnosis such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma can add stress to an already compromised body. Learning to modify the stress response and emotions associated with stress can assist in quality of life and healthy immune response. A variety of stress relief activities are available, such as massage, support groups, meditation/mindfulness, yoga, mild to moderate exercise, breathing and relaxation techniques.
Emotions communicate with the endocrine and immune systems through chemicals called neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, and could potentially play a role in cancer pathogenesis. Becoming aware of emotional responses (frustration, anger, grief, joy, contentment, etc.) and engaging in activities such as those listed above can assist in regulating the health of these systems. It may be especially important to explore the feelings associated with a cancer diagnosis within the context of a support group or professional relationship. Consulting a mental health professional for assistance or for diagnosis of co-occurring diseases such as depression and/or anxiety could be helpful.
4. Environmental – Appropriate levels of physical activity positively affect immune function and may be a preventative factor in cancer development. Exposure to natural outdoor environments can positively affect the immune system and minimize stress. Environmental factors which may increase stress and decrease immunity include exposure to water, soil, and air pollution, loud noises, bright lights, and sudden changes in temperature and barometric pressure. Altering sources of stress, including difficult job and/or relationship issues, can positively affect stress levels and the immune system. Quality of life may be greatly enhanced by seeking out environments and relationships which offer support and compassion during chronic illness.
5. Beliefs, Values and Worldview – also identified as Spirituality – Spiritual expression, whether through prayer, meditation, yoga, traditional worship, etc. has an influence on health and wellbeing, often by encouraging an understanding and connection between mind, body, and spirit. Possible feelings of isolation, living in discordance with one’s values, or inability to connect with support and the natural surroundings due to illness or other factors could increase stress and exacerbate symptoms.